Abolish Death Penalty India: Anti-rape bill gets Rajya Sabha nod (and introduces capital punishment for certain offences)

Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Anti-rape bill gets Rajya Sabha nod (and introduces capital punishment for certain offences)

NEW DELHI March 22, 2013 : Parliament on Thursday passed the anti-rape bill with Rajya Sabha approving it with voice vote in the same form as it was passed by Lok Sabha two days ago. The bill provides for not only stringent punishment for rapists and repeat offenders but also makes maiden provisions of strict punishment for offences like stalking, voyeurism, disrobing and acid attacks. The bill, which will now replace the existing anti-rape ordinance, provides for even capital punishment for rapist if the act causes death for victim or leave her in a permanent vegetative state. Repeat offenders may also get death penalty under the new law. Unlike the ordinance, the bill keeps rape as a gender-specific crime where only a male can be booked for committing such offence. It, keeps the age of consent at 18 in sync with ordinance which was promulgated on February 3 in the wake of public outrage over the December 16 Nirbhaya gang rape incident. Though the Left party members moved certain amendments as they did not want offences like stalking and voyeurism be made bailable for a first time crime and also did not favour the provision of capital punishment in the bill, they did not press for division. Their amendments - moved by CPI member D Raja and CPM member TN Seema - were negated with voice vote. Unlike Lok Sabha, presence of members in the Upper House was relatively good as more than half of the MPs (140), including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, were present at the time of passing of the vote. Though the number was not even one-fourth when the crucial bill was being discussed, several members later turned up before home minister Sushilkumar Shinde moved the legislation for passing. The PM, who is member of the Rajya Sabha, however, sat through the almost entire discussion. The bill was moved after nearly two hours of debate as members agreed to rush through it keeping in mind the sensitivity of DMK and AIADMK which wanted to wind up the discussion before 3:30 pm, when the UNHRC in Geneva was to take up the resolution on Sri Lanka. Though members could not adhere to the timeline and the bill was finally passed around 4 pm, DMK members were seen carrying placards - showing pictures of slain minor son of LTTE supremo Prabhakaran - during the proceedings after 3:30 pm. As soon as the bill was passed, DMK and AIADMK members entered the well of the House, forcing chairman Hamid Ansari to adjourn it for the day. Replying to the short debate over the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013, Shinde said the bill enhanced punishment for various crimes against women and for the first time made it a punishable offence for police personnel not to register a first information report (FIR). On human trafficking of minors, the minister said the government has taken cognizance of this offence and certain sections have been incorporated to give stringent punishment. "Police officers and executive officers involved in such offence will also be punished under the law," he said. Responding to members' concern over efficacy of the system in dealing with cases of sexual crimes committed by influential people like politicians, Shinde said the bill has a provision which prescribes punishment to persons having "dominance" and this can be used to deal with politicians. The bill prescribed a punishment ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment if someone is involved in trafficking a minor and a jail term of 14 years that may be extended to life term if the offender is involved in trafficking more than one minor. For acid attack that caused harm to the victim, the offender will get a jail term of minimum 10 years, which can be extended to life term. An offender can attract a penalty of five to seven years if he attempted acid attack. Courtesy : http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-22/india/37937404_1_stringent-punishment-capital-punishment-ltte-supremo-prabhakaran

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The Death Penalty Scenario in India

India is one of the 193 countries that retains death penalty. There has always been a few imminent judges who have pronounced compelling verdicts upholding the rights of prisoners on death row. There has been increasing debate in various platforms advocating abolition of death penalty or at least to rethink sentencing policies in India. The Indian government has however always been committed to the retention of the death penalty, irrespective of their political ideology. India has voted against a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) draft resolution on the use of death penalty, saying it goes against the statutory law of the country where an execution is carried out in the "rarest of rare" cases. India retains the death penalty as punishment for a number of crimes including murder, kidnapping, terrorism, desertion, inducement to suicide of a minor or a mentally-retarded person and has more recently in 2013 come to include the offence of rape in certain circumstances. Most recently, there is an outrage over child rape and murder.

After observing an unofficial moratorium of 8 years in India, the Indian Government in November 2012 carried out the execution of Ajmal Kasab, convicted in the Mumbai attacks case, without public knowledge. This was followed by the secret execution of Afzal Guru, convicted in the Parliament attack case of 2001, in February 2013, under similar circumstances, without intimating his immediate family or affording a chance of judicial review. In both cases, the executions were carried out under covert operations conducted by the Government immediately upon rejection of their mercy petitions. Before these executions, the last execution to be carried out in India was that of Dhananjoy Chatterjee in 2004 who was convicted of rape and murder and which sentence was carried out after he had spent 13 years in solitary confinement. Following this, several mercy petitions of death row convicts have come to be rejected. The fear of execution of such convicts is imminent. Bolstered by the Government's unapologetic conduct and public outcry, especially in recent cases of rape and murder reported in the country, the courts are continuing to hand down death sentences at an alarming rate.

In the recent past, there have been a few empirical studies (mainly four) conducted with prisoners on death row. This has highlighted the situation of prisoners on death row.

(1) Most recently the India Exclusion Report 2017-18 found that fair trial rights and guarantees are reduced to a nullity and seeks to breach the citadel of the collective silence. It further said that Convicts on death row in India belong to groups marginalised along the axes of caste, religion, economic vulnerability and educational deprivation, and their fair trial rights, though a part of the Right to Life guaranteed by the Constitution, are invariably non-existent, a survey of 371 out of the 385 persons living under the death sentence and their families has revealed.

(2) Another study was The Death Penalty Research Project (2015) which was conceived with an aim to document the socio-economic profile of prisoners sentenced to death in India and map their experience within the criminal justice system.

There were two other academic studies that were done conducted by Dr. Reena Mary George –

(3)“Voices of prisoners surviving the death row in India” (2014) done through the University of Vienna under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Christoph Reinprecht (Sociology) and Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak (Law and Ex-United Nations Rapporteur on Torture). George’s research highlights three salient features, namely: poverty, social exclusion and marginalisation are antecedent to death penalty; death penalty is a constructed account by the state machinery; and prisoners on death row situate dignity higher in the juxtaposition of death and dignity.

(4) Another one “Death Penalty – A Human Rights Perspective” (2009) done through the University of Mumbai under the guidance of Retired Justice Hosbet Suresh. This was a study in Maharashtra with the objectives to firstly study the impact of death penalty on the social, mental, and physical being of the inmate and secondly, to study the perception of opinion leaders on death penalty with reference to human rights. All the above reports are public documents.

According to the National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics 2015, there are 101 prisoners sentenced to death. The actual figure of sentences originally awarded is much higher considering the death sentences of 49 convicts came to be commuted to life imprisonment in the said period. As of today, almost in 2019, the figures are unknown through government statistics, however, research centres claim this figure to be around 371 convicts. During the 1980s the Supreme Court sought to restrict the use of the death penalty by characterizing it as a punishment reserved only for the “rarest of the rare” cases. The doctrine has not had the desired effect. According to a former chief justice of the Delhi High Court, Rajindar Sachar: “after the rarest of rare doctrine was introduced in 1980, the Supreme Court confirmed death penalty in 40 per cent of cases in the period 1980-90 while it was 37.7 per cent between 1970 and 1980. For the high courts it rose from 59 per cent in 1970-80 to 65 per cent during 1980-90”. Over the past two decades the death penalty has been extended to include more crimes and been handed down with increasing frequency.

Most recently while commuting a sentence in Supreme Court (2018), Justice Joseph did not seek the reconsideration of the Bachan Singh judgment, but only sought to re-examine the purpose and practice of the death penalty, and whether as a punishment, it serves any goal at all. In other words, the death penalty can continue to remain constitutionally valid because of the Bachan Singh judgment, but its application in substantive cases coming before the court must be restricted to only those cases which meet the criteria laid down in that case.

While updating the blog and conducting my own empirical studies, I observed the heinous nature of the crimes that were committed and thought about the families, about their loss, about the victims who for no fault of their own died. If I lost my relative or a dear friend, would I still oppose death penalty and would I still advocate to abolish the death sentence? Having worked in the criminal justice system and also having the seen the other side, where often it is the marginalized, vulnerable and oppressed who are on death row makes me want to advocate for abolition of this punishment. Victims should definitely get justice for their loss, for their pain. No one should escape the rule of law. As long as humanity exists; crime will exist. Should we not re-consider our sentencing policies?

Reena Mary George

Abolish Death Penalty India

Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Anti-rape bill gets Rajya Sabha nod (and introduces capital punishment for certain offences)

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