Abolish Death Penalty India: Mixed Response on Abolition of Death Penalty in India

Monday, November 19, 2018

Mixed Response on Abolition of Death Penalty in India

Outlook 11 JULY 2015 Last Updated at 9:45 PM NATIONAL

A discussion on a Law Commission consultation paper on whether capital punishment should be retained or abolished today evoked a mixed response. While former President APJ Abdul Kalam, DMK leader Kanimozhi and former West Bengal Governor Gopalkrishna Gandhi, supported the abolition of death penalty, several others, including SC Bar Association's Dushyant Dave favoured retaining the capital punishment. The Law Commission today organised a day-long consultation on the issue of abolition of death penalty in India, which was part of its over year-long process to garner views and suggestion before submitting its report to the Supreme Court.

Several of those who responded to the consultation paper, bourght out by Law Commission last year, and experts who participated in today's consultation sought a more unambiguous definition of 'rarest of rare' case where death penalty can be handed down by the courts. In his inaugural address, Gopalkrishna Gandhi while opposing death penalty said ending life of a person was a "perk" available to a State. He said the State should investigate crime and not use "shortcuts" like execution for "gratification".

"A man hanged cannot look back and say, oh I have been hanged," he said, supporting abolition of death penalty. Justice (retd) Bilal Nazki said the principle of 'rarest of the rare' case was being applied arbitrarily in certain cases because people, including judges, carry "baggage". He lamented that those being elevated to higher courts do not get education to deal with sensitive subjects. Justice Nazki also blamed "media interference" which weighs on the minds of the judges. Congress leader Manish Tewari, also a senior lawyer, said the President should not take a lot of time in deciding on clemency petitions as the case has gone through judicial and executive processes before reaching him.

He said the present incumbent at Rashtrapati Bhawan was more clear in his approach in dealing with such cases as compared to his predecessors when several such petitions were pending. He said experts should discuss whether institutional process or personal predilection of the President should weigh in such cases. Congress MP and former Union minister Shashi Tharoor proposed an educated debate on the issue in Parliament saying an informed decision was necessary on the subject. Journalist Ashish Khetan said if agencies do not carry out proper investigation, they use death penalty as a "tool" to appease public sentiments.

Former President Kalam opposed death penalty in his views sent to the Law Commission. He had said deciding on capital punishment was one of the most difficult tasks for him as President. Quoting from his book "Turning Points", Kalam said "one of the more difficult tasks for me as President was to decide on the issue of confirming capital punishment awarded by courts... To my surprise... Almost all cases which were pending had a social and economic bias." According to the Commission, those who support retention of capital punishment felt its strong need in cases where the sanctity of the society was violated.

They have argued that those convicted for capital offences do not deserve an opportunity for reformation, and at times are indifferent to reform. Retentionists, the Commission said, also believe that the State does not commit an act of revenge, making criminal law personal, but was engaging in the protection of the moral conscience of society. Abolitionists argued that the issue deserves not an emotional but a rational evaluation. They believe that a less severe sentence will give offenders an opportunity to reform themselves after realising the magnitude of the crime. For them, the primary purpose of the judicial system should be to reform than punish as nobody is "born criminal."

Source: https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mixed-response-on-abolition-of-death-penalty-in-india/906227 accessed on 20 November 2018.

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The Death Penalty Scenario in India

India is one of the 193 countries that retains death penalty. There has always been a few imminent judges who have pronounced compelling verdicts upholding the rights of prisoners on death row. There has been increasing debate in various platforms advocating abolition of death penalty or at least to rethink sentencing policies in India. The Indian government has however always been committed to the retention of the death penalty, irrespective of their political ideology. India has voted against a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) draft resolution on the use of death penalty, saying it goes against the statutory law of the country where an execution is carried out in the "rarest of rare" cases. India retains the death penalty as punishment for a number of crimes including murder, kidnapping, terrorism, desertion, inducement to suicide of a minor or a mentally-retarded person and has more recently in 2013 come to include the offence of rape in certain circumstances. Most recently, there is an outrage over child rape and murder.

After observing an unofficial moratorium of 8 years in India, the Indian Government in November 2012 carried out the execution of Ajmal Kasab, convicted in the Mumbai attacks case, without public knowledge. This was followed by the secret execution of Afzal Guru, convicted in the Parliament attack case of 2001, in February 2013, under similar circumstances, without intimating his immediate family or affording a chance of judicial review. In both cases, the executions were carried out under covert operations conducted by the Government immediately upon rejection of their mercy petitions. Before these executions, the last execution to be carried out in India was that of Dhananjoy Chatterjee in 2004 who was convicted of rape and murder and which sentence was carried out after he had spent 13 years in solitary confinement. Following this, several mercy petitions of death row convicts have come to be rejected. The fear of execution of such convicts is imminent. Bolstered by the Government's unapologetic conduct and public outcry, especially in recent cases of rape and murder reported in the country, the courts are continuing to hand down death sentences at an alarming rate.

In the recent past, there have been a few empirical studies (mainly four) conducted with prisoners on death row. This has highlighted the situation of prisoners on death row.

(1) Most recently the India Exclusion Report 2017-18 found that fair trial rights and guarantees are reduced to a nullity and seeks to breach the citadel of the collective silence. It further said that Convicts on death row in India belong to groups marginalised along the axes of caste, religion, economic vulnerability and educational deprivation, and their fair trial rights, though a part of the Right to Life guaranteed by the Constitution, are invariably non-existent, a survey of 371 out of the 385 persons living under the death sentence and their families has revealed.

(2) Another study was The Death Penalty Research Project (2015) which was conceived with an aim to document the socio-economic profile of prisoners sentenced to death in India and map their experience within the criminal justice system.

There were two other academic studies that were done conducted by Dr. Reena Mary George –

(3)“Voices of prisoners surviving the death row in India” (2014) done through the University of Vienna under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Christoph Reinprecht (Sociology) and Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak (Law and Ex-United Nations Rapporteur on Torture). George’s research highlights three salient features, namely: poverty, social exclusion and marginalisation are antecedent to death penalty; death penalty is a constructed account by the state machinery; and prisoners on death row situate dignity higher in the juxtaposition of death and dignity.

(4) Another one “Death Penalty – A Human Rights Perspective” (2009) done through the University of Mumbai under the guidance of Retired Justice Hosbet Suresh. This was a study in Maharashtra with the objectives to firstly study the impact of death penalty on the social, mental, and physical being of the inmate and secondly, to study the perception of opinion leaders on death penalty with reference to human rights. All the above reports are public documents.

According to the National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics 2015, there are 101 prisoners sentenced to death. The actual figure of sentences originally awarded is much higher considering the death sentences of 49 convicts came to be commuted to life imprisonment in the said period. As of today, almost in 2019, the figures are unknown through government statistics, however, research centres claim this figure to be around 371 convicts. During the 1980s the Supreme Court sought to restrict the use of the death penalty by characterizing it as a punishment reserved only for the “rarest of the rare” cases. The doctrine has not had the desired effect. According to a former chief justice of the Delhi High Court, Rajindar Sachar: “after the rarest of rare doctrine was introduced in 1980, the Supreme Court confirmed death penalty in 40 per cent of cases in the period 1980-90 while it was 37.7 per cent between 1970 and 1980. For the high courts it rose from 59 per cent in 1970-80 to 65 per cent during 1980-90”. Over the past two decades the death penalty has been extended to include more crimes and been handed down with increasing frequency.

Most recently while commuting a sentence in Supreme Court (2018), Justice Joseph did not seek the reconsideration of the Bachan Singh judgment, but only sought to re-examine the purpose and practice of the death penalty, and whether as a punishment, it serves any goal at all. In other words, the death penalty can continue to remain constitutionally valid because of the Bachan Singh judgment, but its application in substantive cases coming before the court must be restricted to only those cases which meet the criteria laid down in that case.

While updating the blog and conducting my own empirical studies, I observed the heinous nature of the crimes that were committed and thought about the families, about their loss, about the victims who for no fault of their own died. If I lost my relative or a dear friend, would I still oppose death penalty and would I still advocate to abolish the death sentence? Having worked in the criminal justice system and also having the seen the other side, where often it is the marginalized, vulnerable and oppressed who are on death row makes me want to advocate for abolition of this punishment. Victims should definitely get justice for their loss, for their pain. No one should escape the rule of law. As long as humanity exists; crime will exist. Should we not re-consider our sentencing policies?

Reena Mary George

Abolish Death Penalty India

Monday, November 19, 2018

Mixed Response on Abolition of Death Penalty in India

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